{"id":1267,"date":"2022-12-06T16:24:29","date_gmt":"2022-12-06T16:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/?p=1267"},"modified":"2023-12-01T14:34:20","modified_gmt":"2023-12-01T14:34:20","slug":"excerpt-the-rhodesian-doll-hunt-on-gene-editing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/excerpt-the-rhodesian-doll-hunt-on-gene-editing\/","title":{"rendered":"Gene editing: Excerpt &#8220;Rhodesian Doll Hunt&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='booster-block booster-read-block'>\n                <div class=\"twp-read-time\">\n                \t<i class=\"booster-icon twp-clock\"><\/i> <span>Read Time:<\/span>6 Minute, 32 Second                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"118\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/DNA_StrandATCG-300x118.png\" alt=\"DNA strand ATCG\" class=\"wp-image-1268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/DNA_StrandATCG-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/DNA_StrandATCG-1024x402.png 1024w, https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/DNA_StrandATCG-768x302.png 768w, https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/DNA_StrandATCG-1536x604.png 1536w, https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/DNA_StrandATCG-2048x805.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A typical strand of DNA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-top has-black-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/FrontCover-Bukagi-FINAL_91KB.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1345 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>CHAPTER 10   ATCG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We arrived at 10:00 a.m. The musk of cadmium orange blossoms from two African tulip trees near the entrance bathed our sinuses. Winston\u2019s ponytail was brushed out; his broad Tony Bennett smile warmed the atrium. He put his hand on my back as we walked down the hall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI owe you fellows an apology&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. for running off so abruptly the other day. Rude of me.\u201d He rubbed his temple with his index and middle fingers. \u201cI\u2019m working on that.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bubba flicked his hand. \u201cStop your guttering\u2014there\u2019s no hope. Where\u2019s Betsy?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAt the Foreign Ministry making a pitch to import pygmy chimps from the Congo.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Winston\u2019s office smelled of coffee and a platter of sliced grapefruit, pomelos, coconut, and bananas. \u201cI have something for you,\u201d he said. He pulled three leather pouches the size of a McDonald\u2019s fish filet from his desk drawer. Inside each was rawhide string with six aggry beads, a metal ring, and an animal tooth wrapped in leather thread. \u201cIt\u2019s a West African talisman.\u201d He hung them around our necks, saying to each of us separately, \u201cMay this grant you safe passage on any journey, physical or spiritual.\u201d His eyes were moist. I wondered if he had many friends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u201cWe love you, bro,\u201d Bubba said. Winston laughed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhat\u2019s with all this security, Winston?\u201d I asked. \u201cFeels like overkill, like we\u2019re on the Jetsons. And what\u2019s up with these labs. What are you sequencing?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He grinned. \u201cYou are perceptive and direct, Craze. Yes. Well, we do more than hepatitis research. I want to tell you about something that is&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. sensitive. You\u2019ll understand. His cheerful wag evaporated. \u201cI trust you can be discreet,\u201d he said. He made us individually pledge our word while in the gaze of his stoic fisheye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bubba tipped his head. \u201cThe hell, Winston? You been holding out on me?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s not as cloak and dagger as it sounds. But we\u2019ve taken some lumps. Learned we must be more careful.\u201d He sat. \u201cWe\u2019re working on a malaria project. Horrible affliction\u2014you will surely see it in your travels. People shaking. Abdominal pain. Fever. Death for some.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We nodded. \u201cA hundred fifty million people infected each year. Craze, to answer your question, we\u2019ve developed genetic techniques that attack certain diseases at their constitution. I\u2019m not talking about treatment. We can wipe these diseases from the Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It was a self-aggrandizing claim, but Winston was odd enough to be credible. \u201cSounds awesome. If it\u2019s so good, why so secretive?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>His eye twinkled and he slipped into professor mode. \u201cDo you remember any genetics from high school or college biology? How the sequence of nucleotides in our genes tell the body which amino acids to make and how they should be strung together? How proteins are simply strings of amino acids joined together, some long and some short?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I glanced at Mad Dog\u2019s and Bubba\u2019s wooden faces. It had been a while for them. \u201cI remember there are only twenty different amino acids,\u201d Bubba said. \u201cRight?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cGood. Now each chromosome is made of thousands of genes\u2014DNA. And DNA is just a series of nucleotides strung together.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bubba lit up. \u201cI\u2019m there. ATCG baby. There are only four different nucleotides.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Winston winked. \u201cYes. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine\u2014ATCG.\u201d He drew on the blackboard. T-T-G-C-A-G-A-C-C-A-G. \u201cGenes are simply long strings of those four nucleotides. Pair two strings together and you have DNA, the double helix we know and love.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where is he going with this, I wondered. And what does it have to do with malaria? I didn\u2019t ask questions, but my sternum tightened. <em>Just talk, Winston<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cCraze, I\u2019m sure you know that each group of three nucleotides on that string code for an amino acid.\u201d He went to the board again. \u201cGentlemen. When DNA is processed by the cells, the mechanisms look at the nucleotides, the ATCs and G\u2019s, in groups of three. If three consecutive nucleotides on the strand are ATG, then the amino acid methionine is made. If the next three in the string are TGG, then tryptophan is made. CAA makes glutamine, etc. You end up with a unique string of amino acids\u2014a protein.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ten seconds of silence. My pinky twitched. Another ten seconds. \u201cMalaria?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYes. Malaria. Some of the best genetic engineers in the world work in that building over there. Stanford. Cambridge.\u201d He picked up a mangosteen and tossed it to Mad Dog. \u201cCornell.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOne team is studying the DNA of the mosquito that carries malaria\u2014the Anopheles mosquito. They isolated the gene that codes for the sex of the mosquito, important because only female mosquitoes carry the malarial parasite. Another team identified a gene that can be manipulated to make the mosquito resistant to malaria. If a mosquito can\u2019t get malaria, it can\u2019t transmit it to humans.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Okay, that\u2019s pretty cool<\/em>. I was feeling better. He can be pretentious and a bit of a dink, but this was heady stuff. But the word \u201cmanipulated\u201d bothered me. I asked what he meant by it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAh, that\u2019s the best part. We\u2019ve developed a technique that not only can find a specific nucleotide on a gene, we can replace one nucleotide with another. For instance, we can replace a C with an A or replace a T with a G. We\u2019ve come up with two possible ways to eliminate malaria. We can either wipe out the Anopheles mosquito altogether, or we can make the mosquito itself resistant to malaria.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Impossible, I thought. \u201cHow do you know which gene to manipulate? And how do you cut and replace the nucleotide on that one gene without doing the same to other genes?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe sequence of nucleotides that code for a protein is unique. A fingerprint. If you know the sequence of ATCGs on either side of the one you are interested in, you can find the specific one that you want to edit. Suppose you are in a traffic jam on a road with only one lane. And there are only four different cars on the road: Accords, Thunderbirds, Camaros, and Gremlins. If you know the sequence of the hundred cars ahead of you and the hundred cars behind you, it would be a unique string. Knowing that long sequence would allow us to identify where your specific car is.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDidn\u2019t the National Academy of Sciences halt this type of research in the early \u201970s?\u201d I asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThat\u2019s one of the reasons we are in Liberia. Similar to their shipping registry, there are few regulatory barriers on medical research. We can move quickly; keep a low profile.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBut why the hush-hush?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cPeople are afraid of anything to do with modifying genes. A general phobia. Last year, Ethiopia refused to accept forty-four thousand tons of food because it was genetically modified to make it less susceptible to rotting or bruising.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bubba sniveled. \u201cNext time don\u2019t tell \u2019em.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Winston sneered. \u201cThe other problem is that gene editing could be used for&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.\u201d His lips fluttered, pen went clack-clack, \u201c.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;unscrupulous purposes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My chest tickled like that first drop on a hyper coaster. \u201cThis could be used for all kinds of genetic diseases,\u201d I said. \u201cCystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Huntington\u2019s, Tay-Sachs.\u201d As the words exited my mouth, I felt a little stupid. For a half second, I thought I was enlightening him. A smile crossed his face. Mad Dog, who\u2019d been following along quietly, asked, \u201cWhat\u2019s this got to do with us?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <div class=\"booster-block booster-reactions-block\">\n            <div class=\"twp-reactions-icons\">\n                \n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-1\" post-id=\"1267\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/clmanning.com\/staging\/4960\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/happy.svg\" alt=\"Happy\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Happy                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                        \n                           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